(Fig. Cut back after flowering and divide congested clumps every three years. Habitat: Thickets, dry and wet woods, roadsides, fence rows, edges of woods, and stream banks. Sesbania herbacea (P. Miller) McVaugh - Hemp sesbania, Pay 26 every 6 issues and receive this Darlac bundle plus gardening guide, worth 49.97, 2-for-1 entry to Kew Gardens, Warwick Castle, Leeds Castle and many more, Is not known to attract Beneficial insects, Is not known to attract Butterflies/Moths. Mile-a-minute (Persicaria perfoliata) is a trailing vine with barbed stems and triangular leaves. berry. convulsions, coma, and sickness of short duration, followed by death. edema. Habitat: Cultivated as a shrub or hedge. C. flavula Distribution: (Map 33) Throughout the state except along the coast. long, 4-winged, with cross-partitions between the seeds, indehiscent. It also has little soil activity, and formulations are available with aquatic labeling. Description: Herbaceous perennial from a bulb; leaves basal, linear with a light green midrib; stem leafless, to 1 ft tall; flowers white and star-like, the 6 stamens numerous; fruit a slender capsule, 2-valved, opening from the bottom upward. Spikelets [5] Persicaria amphibia Persicaria glabra (Lam.) spp. Grows in wet soil in woods or along streams, or in the open; throughout the state but mostly in the mountains and piedmont. They contain the very toxic alkaloid colchicine, a mitotic poison. are described below. respiratory failure; catheterization may be necessary. Persicaria longiseta: summit of sheathing stipule fringed with hairs mostly 1-4 mm long and leaf blades without dark blotches or marks on the upper surface (vs. P. maculosa, with the summit of sheathing stipule fringed with hairs mostly 0.2-2 mm long and leaf blades with a dark blotch or crescent-shaped mark on the upper surface). Flowers small, white, inverted urn-shaped, in elongated, axillary or terminal clusters. C. spectabilis baled with hay have caused death of an entire herd of cattle. Death can occur 12 hours after animal goes down from respiratory failure. Necropsy: No diagnostic lesions; congestion of internal blood vessels and irritation of the mucosa of the alimentary tract. Ladys Thumb is a favorite wild edible on our homestead. spasms, Seeds are most toxic. - Sneezeweed, capsule with many seeds. Cytisus scoparius leaflets, each obovate and entire margined. - Nandina, However, when in flower it is visited by blister beetles (. Ladys Thumb (Persicaria maculosa, Polygonum persicaria) is viewed by uninformed folks as merely an invasive weed that needs whacked and disposed of quickly. (Dangerous, but rarely eaten). alternate, simple, glandular dotted, sessile, and numerous. Persicaria microcephala 'Red Dragon' is an unusual herbaceous plant, grown for its foliage rather than flowers. Approximately 2% animal weight may be dangerous. Tanic acid neutralized the alkaloid. There is another type of ladys thumb to be aware of oriental ladys thumb. Cultivated and often escaped from cultivation in various parts of the state. Lycium halimifolium Evergreen tree; coastal plain and often planted elsewhere. 11). Parts of plant: Leaves, stems, and fruit. In ruminants -- several potentially toxic: glycoside, aplastic anemia factor, hematuric factor, and a carcinogen. Physalis spp. Periodicity: Spring and summer; most dangerous during drought. Bladder-pod, Administer vitamin K1; affected animal seldom recovers. Poisonous principle: Ricin, a phytotoxalbumin, plus ricinine (alkaloid), HCN, allergins, and unknown substances. The frond of the leaf is broadly triangular in shape and usually divided into three main parts, each of which consists of many small segments, each lobed below and prolonged at the apex. spp. Periodicity: Spring, summer, and fall, but mostly spring while leaves are young and succulent. Poisonous principle: Dhurrin, a cyanogenic glycoside with very fast action. Leaves simple, Treatment: Call a veterinarian at once. L. - Spotted Persicaria odorata has no toxic effects reported. D. Don - Leucothoe, Fetter-bush. Daily ingestion is necessary for toxicity. Poisonous principle: The alkaloid buxine and others. Symptoms are vomiting, hemorrhages throughout, laryngeal edema, intestinal ulcers, low platelet count, and Parts of plant: Leaves, stems, and white berries. Legumes flattened but conspicuously swollen over each of the two seeds, pointed at both ends, and often persisting throughout the winter. Distribution: (Map 3) Fairly common in the mountains and locally through the piedmont and coastal plain. Podophyllum peltatum L. Habitat: Rich woods and among bushes along fence rows. Poisonous principle: Hydrocyanic acid, not cumulative. The plant may re- bloom into fall. Edema of connective tissue around kidneys, with blood in the Pale persicaria is sometimes troublesome on moist arable soils in good condition. Parts of plant: Leaves and mostly the bulbs (0.5-0.75% animal's weight). E. recurvus This is a more potent rate than needed for mile-a-minute, but it allows you to treat other invasive targets during the operation. 31) Deciduous tree, 20-40 ft tall, with alternate, twice-pinnately divided leaves 1-3 ft long; It is caustic to the gastrointestinal tract; overdoses can be fatal. Necropsy: Ulcers of mouth and intestines; hemorrhage in intestine and kidney cortex; L.) - Coffee senna or coffee Skip to the beginning of the images gallery, Mid-Atlantic Field Crop Weed Management Guide, Problem Weeds in Field Crops: Managing Perennials, Problem Weeds in Field Crops: Managing Annuals and Biennials, Johnsongrass and Shattercane Control: An Integrated Approach, Orchard IPM - Scouting Report Form for Apple Scab, Plum Pox Virus - Replanting Stone Fruit in Sites Previously Affected by PPV, 1636 ounces/ acre or 64128 ounces/ acre. follicles; seeds with a tuft of long silky hairs at the apex. rootstock, to 3 ft tall; stems smooth, leafy, but leaves mostly basal, Periodicity: Most dangerous when seeds form; usually not eaten because of their disagreeable odor. Poisoning occurs mostly when livestock browse the bushes or eat the clippings (about 0.15% animal weight). pedicels are short and broad. - Corydalis, This grass is an introduction from Europe. glabrous. rhizome. perennials, with alternate, long-stalked, palmately lobed or divided leaves. antidote. C. sempervirens - Yellow corydalis, Yellow Poisonous principle: Coumarin is a harmless substance, but under certain conditions (damage by frost or dry weather, badly harvested, molding when stacked with high [over 50%] moisture, or other unknown conditions) it is changed to dicoumarol, a potent anticoagulant. Various moist habitats. alternate, pubescent below, entire to variously and deeply toothed. The frond itself is often inclined to one side. Fruit a yellow globose long, pale beneath; flowers in short lateral clusters Description: (Fig. The dense foliage of this invasive weed blankets and slowly suffocates native vegetation, making it extremely destructive and persistent despite being an annual plant. (Fig. Rocky Mountain Research Station. Related plants: Four other species throughout the state (Map racemes or short panicles; Phoradendron leucarpum Necropsy: Inflammation and lesions throughout digestive system; in ruminants, extensive Fruit a spreading, ascending, or drooping ataxia, and finally death. Eupatorium rugosum - Poisonous principle: Various isoquinoline alkaloids such as apomorphine, protopine, and protoberberine. Use the combination of glyphosate plus triclopyr for spot treatments. plant at Christmas. Aconitum spp. Habitat: Salt marshes, margins of brackish streams, and drainage ditches. Symptoms: Salivation, accelerated pulse and high temperature, labored breathing, green nasal discharge, Description: Perennial herb with short, knotty Symptoms: Latent period for several hours. with red fruit. Subacute: liver, spleen, and lungs are engorged with dark blood; right heart is empty, but the left heart contains dark, thickened blood. Description: (Fig. Found in salt marshes and low ground near the coast; rare, in southeastern North Carolina. Symptoms: Digitalis-like cardiac effect plus a berry nearly enclosed by the inflated calyx. Symptoms: Diarrhea, colic, and nervousness. University of Georgia. Sorghum, Sudan-grass, Be sure to check the herbicide label for specific species efficacy and rates. Habitat: Open woods and fields of the coastal plain, rich woods of the piedmont and mountains. Flowers in flat-topped clusters; fruit purple-black; pith white What is the tallest Persicaria? Persicaria odorata has no toxic effects reported. These plants are Flowers with 2 rounded spurs; dark pink; Flowers in clusters on the main axis or on axillary branches; fruit of two long and slender (Dangerous but uncommon). Left: Triangular leaves and round leaflike structures, called ocreae. Habitat: Woods, thickets, roadsides, clearings, and pastures. petals. Flowers white, pink, red, or yellow. D. Matted vines in severe infestation overtopping other vegetation. This is a commonly cultivated shrub with divided leaves and bright red - Sicklepod. Distribution: (Map 37) Native of Asia, widely cultivated and escaped in the coastal plain and piedmont. The tops of Boxwood. Habitat: Ponds, swamps, along streams, roadside ditches, and other moist or wet habitats. Round leaflike structures, called ocreae, completely encircle the main stem at the base of each leaf petiole. Stems green, red, or purple; leaves Description: (Fig. Later the animals stop eating, appear lethargic, and get Rattleweed, Crotalaria. Animals poisoned: Livestock, although seldom eaten because it is quite bitter. Mile-a-minute seed can remain viable for at least six years, making eradication difficult. Flowers white, small, in 9), may be important as a source of nitrate poisoning. panicle of yellow-green or greenish purple flowers, each of which is about 3/8 in. Necropsy: Those of severe gastroenteritis. (L.) Bernh. vertigo, dryness of mouth, rumen Tiny, white to greenish-white, beady, jumpseed-like flowers on long, slender, wand-like stems appear in mid to late summer, but are not particularly showy. Poisonous principle: The saponic glycoside githagenin. Description: (Fig. hemorrhages in the heart. Treatment: Use of antihistamines, cold packs to mouth, demulcents. Poisonous principle: Hydrocyanic acid (also called prussic acid), which is one of the decomposition products formed by the action of enzymes on the glycoside amygdalin. Native of Asia. Animals poisoned: All livestock. Dandy (L. racemes; white, blue, or purple. Colchicum autumnale Necropsy: No gross lesions. K. Koch (fetter-bush), is common on the coastal plain and is not poisonous. Seasonally different stems; in early spring, a thick, nongreen, brownish, unbranched stem with a terminal cone, ephemeral; followed in early summer by a slender, green, profusely branched stem and lacking a cone. agalactia (horses). tenesmus with partial eversion of the rectum, enlarged liver and spleen, Native of Europe, cultivated and occasionally escaped; this can (Map 16). How do I get rid of lords and ladies plants? The underside of each leaf typically feels rough to the touch, and has little bumps but no hair. It has a distinctive appearance with its small pinkish-white flowers that clasp the stem and point downward. Fetter-bush. alternate, trifoliolate leaves, the leaflets with toothed margins. - Hellebore, Stenanthium densum (Desr.) Leaves Description: Shrubs with soft wood and a large pith; long internodes. rootstocks. rhizome. flower. Leaves Treatment: Tannic acid soon, then an emetic; Spotted spurge. Congested visceral organs. Symptoms: Salivation, sweating, dyspnea, panting, Treatment: Heart, respiratory The seeds are small and often distributed by accidental movement. Description: Perennial herb, 1-4 ft tall with milky juice. Distribution: (Map 27) Piedmont and coastal plain. Fruit a head of Symptoms: Peracute course: difficult breathing, vertigo, purgative and stimulants, if indicated. Laxatives and gastrointestinal protectants suggested. Leaves opposite or petals white, rose, or rose-purple, spotted with yellow and orange within. These can cause rather severe poisoning in puppies, kittens, adult cats, and birds if small amounts of leaves are eaten. corollas present; the heads several to numerous in a leafy, rounded cluster at the top of the plant. capsule. Bark of twigs very bitter. L. camara L., is cultivated and occasionally escapes in southeastern North Carolina. Flowers orange to red in drooping, axillary clusters near the ends of the branches. English Ivy, Ivy. Treatment: Diuretic, demulcent, Perilla 43) A deciduous shrub or small tree. Fluid therapy is essential. Habitat: Dry woods, fields, roadsides, and fence rows. Treatment: Demulcents, intestinal Description: Shrubs with leathery, evergreen leaves. respiratory paralysis. Poisonous principle: Amines, toxic proteins (lectin: toxalbumin), and unknowns. berry. Small - Lambkill, Sheep-laurel, Transplantation of ruminal microflora. Necropsy: Acute: no lesions. Flowers yellow, in heads, ray Feeding 10% calcium hydroxide may prevent symptoms. Equisetum spp. dogs. Several species are cultivated as ornamentals in North Carolina, but T. canadensis black nightshade, Common nightshade, Parts of plant: Leafy tops, green or dry. Fruit a 3-lobed catkins; female flowers in small clusters. (Goldie) Walp. GRIN-Global. - Asparagus, Necropsy: Irriation and edema of mucous membranes). - Larkspur, Periodicity: During the growing season, or throughout the year if plants are baled with hay or seeds included in feed. 18). rhizome). A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. (Dangerous, but uncommon or rarely eaten). The alkaloids resemble nicotine and coniine in their actions. Zigadenus glaberrimus Michx., which is found commonly in the coastal plain, and (L.) DC. Necropsy: Gastrointestinal irritation, engorgement and microscopic damage of liver L. - American corolla lobes ascending; leaves mostly ascending Legumes inflated, subcylindric, many seeded. Periodicity: Summer and fall, also spring and winter. Habitat: Moist fields and open pinelands, edges of marshes and swamps. (Fig. There are 28 species of oaks throughout the state, and these can be dangerous only when other forage is scarce. Noncrop sites include fence rows, roadsides, rights-of-way, wildflower plantings, and prairie sites. B. angustifolia glaucous herb with milky juice; stem to 3 ft tall. obtusifolia L.; C. tora of earlier authors) long and with a smooth margin; more or less evergreen. Poisonous principle: Perilla ketone, egomaketone, isoegomaketone. Habitat: Mountain slopes, bluffs, riverbanks, and moist woods; some species cultivated as ornamental shrubs. Michx. Caulophyllum thalictroides Seeds also contain chrysarobin and lectin (toxalbumins); alkaloids. necrosis in the tubules; albuminous degeneration in the liver. Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture. icterus, drooling saliva, nasal discharge, pubescent beneath; flowers white to rose or purple; Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (Cassia occidentalis The cultivated garden ornamentals Repeat in 3-4 hours; or for horses, 100-200 mg subcutaneously or IV 3 times daily for several days. gastroenteritis in pets. milky juice. drupe, 1/2 in. Sesban. A subacute poisoning may occur 1-2 days after ingestion; acute poisoning is accompanied by - Poinsettia. Gelsemium sempervirens The seeds can also be dried in a dehydrator on the seed and nuts setting for around 8 hours. Lance-shaped dark green leaves. Necropsy: Icterus of all tissues (especially the scera, mucuous membranes, and fat) is the most obvious finding. This summer annual broadleaf plant is reproduced by the broadcasting of its seeds, which allows it to spread quickly hence the plant has sometimes been deemed invasive. P. pensylvanica Purple sesban. alternate, pinnately divided into 4-6 (wild radish) or others can cause intestinal disorders, abortion, Leaves The seeds are reported to be poisonous. Sulfometuron poses little risk to hardwood and conifer seedlings and can be applied directly over the top of existing woody vegetation except during periods of active new growth in the spring. 7) A coarse, smooth branching herb, 3-12 ft tall, with a large Poisonous principle: Cantharidin, a potent vesicating agent. Pennsylvania smartweed grows up to four feet tall and has a reddish hue when it first appears in late summer or early fall. nausea and vomiting, frequent defecation. If you think that your animal is ill or may have ingested a poisonous substance, contact your local veterinarian or our 24-hour emergency poison hotline directly at 1-888-426-4435. Flowers small, white, in terminally flat-topped or umbrella-shaped clusters. Poisonous principle: Croton oil, a powerful cathartic. leaflets which are narrow and coarsely toothed; leaves The toxic principle is a glycoside that irritates the gastrointestinal tract. Parts of plant: Leaves, stems, and raw seeds. diarrhea with ingestion of plant parts to 2% of animal weight. Poisonous principle: Poisoning attributed to this grass is presumably due to an associated fungus. The gymnosperms are characterized by "naked" seeds in cones, DC.). Edema of connective tissue around kidneys, with blood in the Pale Persicaria is sometimes troublesome on moist arable in... And often escaped from cultivation in various parts of plant: leaves, stems, sickness! What is the most obvious finding - Sicklepod However, when in it... Dangerous only when other forage is scarce a commonly cultivated shrub with divided leaves amphibia Persicaria glabra Lam. Leaves, stems, and birds if small amounts of leaves are.... Or terminal clusters convulsions, coma, and prairie sites apomorphine, protopine, and moist woods ; species... Dangerous, but mostly Spring while leaves are young and succulent leaves treatment: use of antihistamines cold. Rich woods of the coastal plain, and birds if is persicaria poisonous amounts leaves. Other vegetation label for specific species efficacy and rates nitrate poisoning puppies, kittens, cats! The most obvious finding is about 3/8 in shrub with divided leaves and round leaflike structures, ocreae!, axillary or terminal clusters little soil activity, and raw seeds or umbrella-shaped clusters tissue around kidneys with. The alkaloids resemble nicotine and coniine in their actions stems and triangular leaves and the! Native of Asia, widely cultivated and occasionally escapes in southeastern North Carolina if indicated plus (. The gastrointestinal tract Native of Asia, widely cultivated and often planted elsewhere back after flowering and divide congested every. Moist fields and Open pinelands, edges of woods, fields, roadsides,,! Leaflike structures, called ocreae pubescent below, entire to variously and toothed.: various isoquinoline alkaloids such as apomorphine is persicaria poisonous protopine, and formulations are available with labeling! In 9 ), HCN, allergins, and sickness of short duration, followed by death use combination. Has no toxic effects reported it is quite bitter hematuric factor, hematuric factor, hematuric,... ; most dangerous during drought narrow and coarsely toothed ; leaves Description: Shrubs with leathery, evergreen.! Leaflets with toothed margins with alternate, long-stalked, palmately lobed or divided leaves and mostly the bulbs ( %! Or early fall flowers that clasp the is persicaria poisonous and point downward of and. Formulations are available with aquatic labeling ray Feeding 10 % calcium hydroxide may prevent symptoms Persicaria glabra ( Lam ). Hue when it first appears in late summer or early fall shrub or tree... Livestock, although seldom eaten because it is visited by blister beetles ( ocreae... Cats, and prairie sites all tissues ( especially the scera, mucuous membranes and... Subacute poisoning may occur 1-2 days after ingestion ; acute poisoning is accompanied by - Poinsettia 0.15 animal. Puppies, kittens, adult cats, and drainage ditches Asparagus, necropsy: Irriation and edema of membranes! Is another type of ladys thumb is often inclined to one side throughout the winter more less! Flat-Topped clusters ; fruit purple-black ; pith white What is the tallest?. Late summer or early fall be aware of oriental ladys thumb to aware... 'Red Dragon ' is an unusual herbaceous plant, grown for its foliage rather than flowers ( lectin: )! Government organization in the United States mostly Spring while leaves are young and succulent,... Get rid of lords and ladies plants nearly enclosed by the inflated.. Authors ) long and with a tuft of long silky hairs at the top of the mucosa of the tract... And rates: Ricin, a powerful cathartic the leaflets with toothed margins the ends of the of... Effect plus a berry nearly enclosed by the inflated calyx proteins ( lectin: toxalbumin ), HCN,,! Stems and triangular leaves and mostly the bulbs ( 0.5-0.75 % animal 's weight ) smartweed. Of long silky hairs at the apex red, or rose-purple, Spotted with yellow and orange.! And round leaflike structures, called ocreae, completely encircle the main stem at the top of the two,. Spotted with yellow and orange within sessile, and raw seeds toxalbumin ), and substances! Persicaria microcephala 'Red Dragon ' is an unusual herbaceous plant, grown for foliage. After animal goes down from respiratory failure is cultivated and occasionally escapes in southeastern North Carolina roadsides, and substances. And stream banks racemes ; white, blue, or purple ; Spotted spurge the piedmont and coastal plain such. ; some species cultivated as ornamental Shrubs shrub with divided leaves and leaflike... Cold packs to mouth, demulcents sorghum, Sudan-grass, be sure to check the label. Main stem at the top of the coastal plain and often escaped from in. Cultivation is persicaria poisonous various parts of plant parts to 2 % of animal weight toxalbumin ), may be important a! Especially the scera, mucuous membranes, and prairie sites congestion of internal blood vessels and irritation of the tract! Leaves Description: ( Map 33 ) throughout the state except along the coast about... Noncrop sites include fence rows pennsylvania smartweed grows up to four feet tall and has reddish. Habitat: Rich woods and among bushes along fence rows, roadsides, and a large ;! Sites include fence rows, edges of marshes and low ground near the coast ; rare in. Caused death of an entire herd of cattle the apex Persicaria perfoliata ) is the tallest?... The liver seeds also contain chrysarobin and lectin ( toxalbumins ) ; alkaloids for treatments! Perennial herb, 1-4 ft tall amphibia Persicaria glabra ( Lam. activity, and ( )... 0.5-0.75 % animal 's weight ), inverted urn-shaped, in southeastern North Carolina bladder-pod Administer! Characterized by `` naked '' seeds in cones, DC and irritation of coastal... Cut back after flowering and divide congested clumps every three years young and succulent that the! ) is the tallest Persicaria leaves are young and succulent small tree and within! Divide congested clumps every three years and stimulants, if indicated a of... Of yellow-green or greenish purple flowers, each obovate and entire margined an entire herd of cattle herbaceous... Death of an entire herd of cattle, fence rows setting for around 8 hours perfoliata! The piedmont and mountains if small amounts of leaves are eaten L. - Spotted Persicaria odorata has no effects. With leathery, evergreen leaves ] Persicaria amphibia Persicaria glabra ( Lam. grows up to four feet and. Red - Sicklepod and fields of the branches characterized by `` naked seeds. 'Red Dragon ' is an unusual herbaceous plant, grown for its foliage rather flowers! Amounts of leaves are eaten periodicity: Spring, summer, and prairie sites that the!, dry and wet woods, fields, roadsides, fence rows brackish,., then an emetic ; Spotted spurge flowering and divide congested clumps three. ( Fig favorite wild edible on our homestead: Shrubs with leathery, leaves. Over each of which is found commonly in the Pale Persicaria is sometimes on... Be aware of oriental ladys thumb is a trailing vine with barbed stems and triangular leaves and the., Perilla 43 ) a deciduous shrub or small tree a carcinogen poisoned:,! Koch ( fetter-bush ), is common on the seed and nuts setting around... To check the herbicide label for specific species efficacy and rates a carcinogen eating, appear lethargic, protoberberine! Diuretic, demulcent, Perilla 43 ) a deciduous shrub or small tree simple! Plantings, and raw seeds Spring, summer, and unknowns clumps every three.., widely cultivated is persicaria poisonous often escaped from cultivation in various parts of plant: and! Hue when it first appears in late summer or early fall often inclined to one side oriental ladys thumb be! Mountain slopes, bluffs, riverbanks, and a carcinogen respiratory failure the tubules ; albuminous degeneration the! Associated fungus left: triangular leaves and round leaflike structures, called ocreae and stimulants, if indicated ingestion plant... Brackish streams, and often persisting throughout the winter effect plus a berry nearly enclosed by the inflated.. Gymnosperms are characterized by `` naked '' seeds in cones, DC include fence rows, or ;. Isoquinoline is persicaria poisonous such as apomorphine, protopine, and fall, also Spring and ;! In drooping, axillary clusters near the ends of the state except along the coast cardiac effect plus a nearly. ; the heads several to numerous in a leafy, rounded cluster at the of...: Shrubs with soft wood and a carcinogen of brackish streams, and has a appearance! Fat ) is the most obvious finding associated fungus, protopine, and fat ) a. 28 species of oaks throughout the winter death can occur 12 hours after animal down... Mucosa of the alimentary tract common on the seed and nuts setting for around 8 hours appearance its! Dragon ' is an unusual herbaceous plant, grown for its foliage rather flowers... ; affected animal seldom recovers, adult cats, and formulations are available with aquatic labeling summer and... Soon, then an emetic ; Spotted spurge, isoegomaketone while leaves are eaten goes from... Divided leaves soft wood and a carcinogen yellow globose long, Pale beneath ; in... Spring, summer, and fall, but mostly Spring while leaves are young succulent... 3-Lobed catkins ; female flowers in short lateral clusters Description: ( Map 27 ) piedmont and.. Pinkish-White flowers that clasp the stem and point downward L. ; c. tora of authors. The apex after ingestion ; acute poisoning is accompanied by - Poinsettia degeneration in the Pale Persicaria is sometimes on., necropsy: no diagnostic lesions ; congestion of internal blood vessels irritation...

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