2020-41595-30123 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. The relative toxicity of individual leaves is lowhorses must consume hundreds of pounds to experience ill effects. However, some plants are cause for concern either because even a curious nibble can spell doom or because repeated browsing over weeks or months can lead to serious illness and death. Woodland and hedgerows (particularly in churchyards). Similar analysis of Norway maple leaves indicates that poisoning due to the ingestion of leaves from this ornamental tree is much less likely. Many toxic plants can be found in hay that is dried and this too can be very dangerous. Trending Can I Put Driveway Sealer On Concrete? Therefore, walnut nuts showing symptoms of decomposition, such as a brown or black rotten appearance in the husks, may leak toxin into the kernels and are not fit for human consumption. Whether your horse is on a ride or wandering around the paddock, its likely that theyll graze on a few plants they see while theyre out and about. Horse Companionship: Why Your Horse Needs a Friend and Which Animals Are the Best? Just make sure you follow the instructions on the bottle carefully. Some . Toxic and Non-Toxic Plant List - Horse Plants Toxic to Horses Adam-and-Eve (Arum, Lord-and-Ladies, Wake Robin, Starch Root, Bobbins, Cuckoo Plant) | Scientific Names: Arum maculatum | Family: Araceae African Wonder Tree () | Scientific Names: Ricinus communis | Family: Alocasia (Elephant's Ear) | Scientific Names: Alocasia spp. The bark and young shoots are also poisonous, as well as the fruit pits. Symptoms of slaframine poisoning include excess salivation, colic, bloating, stiffness, and diarrhoea. What flowering trees are safe for horses? Some articles provide no substantiation for this claim and most of those that do reference a website of the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture. Horses and ponies can contract acute laminitis, an inflammation of the foot, where black walnut wood chips or sawdust is used for stall bedding. If you think that your animal is ill or may have ingested a poisonous . For more information, visit Knights website, Guide to Poisonous Plants. If you suspect your horse has eaten parts of a toxic tree, call your veterinarian. So, its a good idea to make sure youre feeding your horse all the right foods and ensuring they have constant access to roughage such as grass, hay, and horse-friendly trees and plants in and around their stable and paddock. Also known as: Crazy weedID: Leafy perennials with short stems and compound leaves that grow in tuftlike forms from a single taproot. Scientific Name: Camellia japonica. Find more gardening information on Gardening Know How: Keep up to date with all that's happening in and around the garden. The Gardeners Answer. As little as a pound or two of leaves can be fatal.Signs: Depending on how many leaves were eaten, signs can appear within a few hours or as long as four or five days after consumption. Terms & Conditions / Privacy Policy, 2023American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. From our Native Plant Image Gallery: Betula nigra. All rights reserved. Hawthorns are great non-toxic plants for horses, and the berries and leaves are often used in some equine health supplements due to its circulation boosting properties. Here are the ones most dangerous to horses in the United States. Black walnut shavings are a toxic bedding for horses. Black Walnut Toxicity to Plants, Humans and Horses(Ohio State University Factsheet). According to the ASPCA list of toxic plants, the foliage of your ornamental pear is not considered toxic. Juglone from decomposing black walnut roots can persist in the soil for more than a year after walnut trees have been removed. Unless you were with your horse when they ate the plant, its often difficult to determine what has caused the sickness as many plants can cause similar symptoms. As a horse owner, you know that you dont always have full control over what your horse eats. Daniel Johnson is a freelance writer and professional photographer, and watcher of horse movies. Hes the author of several books, including How to Raise Horses: Everything You Need to Know, (Voyageur Press, 2014). These plants are non-toxic for horses, and while they wont be very interested in eating the red rowan berries, they might nibble on the leaves. What happens if you boot a PC without RAM? Most are cultivated in landscapes for their showy, fragrant flowers, shiny leaves, and exotic fruit. Whether small (like the bush-size star magnolia) or huge (like the massive Southern magnolia), most magnolia shrubs and trees are planted for their impossibly beautiful blossoms. These provide important shade and shelter from the wind and are a nice addition to a natural setting. 'Allelopathy' is a term used to describe natural interactions between plants where one plant produces a substance that affects the growth of another plant. The articles on this site are for informational purposes only. Since wildlife regularly eat magnolia seeds and various parts of the trees have been used for centuries in folk medicine, it is tempting to treat these plants as nontoxic. Generally, if horses have adequate, good quality feed otherwise, they do not eat harmful trees/plants. Atypical myopathy (from sycamore poisoning) and acorn poisoning are the most common types of poisoning in horses, but there are many other plants here in the UK that can also be dangerous. Its not known what the toxin is exactly, but wilted red maple leaves can be fatal to horses who consume them. Magnolias (Magnolia spp.) Toxic trees and shrubs in North America include: Junipers Apricot cherry, peach and plum trees Locusts, including honey and black Yew Oleander Mountain Laurel Boxwood Elderberry Buttonbush Horse Chestnut Pines (when eaten in great quantity) Black Walnut Red Oak Swamp Maple Red Maple White Sumac Water Hemlock and Poison Hemlock Let's take a look at some of the most common trees and plants poisonous to horses. Since wildlife regularly eat magnolia seeds and various parts of the trees have been used for centuries in folk medicine, it is tempting to treat these plants as nontoxic. Some are evergreen, others deciduous. Also known as: Barnabys thistleID:Yellow star thistle is an annual weed that branches out from a single base stem to form a spherical plant up to three feet tall; its round yellow flowers are surrounded by stiff spines 1/2 to 3/4 of an inch long. Its a good idea to check your hay for anything you dont recognise before feeding it to your horse or pony. Copyright H&C TV Ltd 2023. Cedar for example has antibacterial and anti microbial properies. Cherry trees (including wild and black cherry), Hypotension (blood pressure with a MAP of less than 60 mm Hg). You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Family: Magnoliaceae. Young walnut trees do not appear to cause toxic reactions with sensitive plants until the trees are seven to eight years old. Gardens should be located away from black walnut and butternut trees to prevent damage to susceptible plants. Tolerance to juglone by shallow-rooted species may also be attributed to better drainage of soil water in upper soil levels. Generally, horse owners dont plant trees in pastures for this reason. Woodland, grassland, heathland, and moorland. Equally toxic are cherry (black cherry, chokecherry, and fire cherry) peach and plum trees, all members of the Prunus species. However, the most common concerns we see from horse owners are around acorn poisoning and atypical myopathy from sycamore seeds. Kentucky 31 tall fescue contains an endophyte that produces a toxin called ergovaline. Many pastures included forested areas. If you have jacaranda trees on your property, it is best to keep horses away from them. When they are mature in autumn, the cones split open. In most cases, some specific parts of a tree (like fruits, leaves, and flowers) are poisonous to dogs. Pollen shedding from walnut trees can cause allergic reactions in people and horses. Thiamin is necessary to nerve function, and deficiencies can lead to neurological impairment. On the branches of other trees, particularly hawthorn, poplar, lime, and apple trees. Home 10 Most Poisonous Plants for Horses. 2023 Gardening Know How, Future US LLC, Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036. This will help stop them foraging around for extra food. Since Autumn Blaze is a hybrid of the red maple, it is possible, although undocumented, that it may be toxic to horses. If youre not already receiving the EQUUS newsletter, click here to sign up. For this reason, its a good idea to keep your horse or pony from eating any lilac bushes. The berries have been used for hundreds of years by various Native American tribes, but the seeds and leaves are poisonous to horses. | Family: Araceae While most species of clover are non-toxic in normal amounts, some plants can carry the fungus slaframine which can be poisonous to horses. (Things You Need To Know). Box 71092Springfield, OR 97475. Horses and ponies can contract acute laminitis, an inflammation of the foot, where black walnut wood chips or sawdust is used for stall bedding. Hazel trees are another great hedgerow plant that is perfectly safe for your horse to eat. Ingestion is rarely fatal but can cause long-term kidney damage if eaten in large amounts. Firethorn has short leaves with a glossy finish and rounded berries. M. grandiflora, also known as the southern magnolia, big bay, big laurel or large-flower magnolia, has creamy lemon-citronella scented blooms and grows throughout the South. Chokecherry ( Prunus virginiana) All Prunus genus plants have leaves and twigs that are toxic to horses. While ragwort has a bitter taste and is rarely eaten by horses when it is growing, when it is wilted or dried it becomes more palatable. Among these are popular dwarf cultivars for smaller gardens. Fresh maple leaves arent toxic. Most animals will avoid the plant.Signs: Signs appear within an hour or two of consumption, starting with nervousness, tremors and incoordination, progressing to depression and diminished heart and respiratory rates and possibly colic. Generally, horse owners dont plant trees in pastures for this reason. Study finds no downside to early castration, Delaware Valley University to livestream foaling. Summer and fall are times of greatest concern. ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center Phone Number: (888) 426-4435. However, Persian lilac can be poisonous if consumed. Some horses love the taste of willow, staghorn sumac, and a few others. And, in the autumn leaves on the ground may be attractive to some horses. The toxins in wilted red maple leaves cause the red blood cells to break down so that the blood can no longer carry oxygen; the kidneys, liver and other organs may also be damaged. Instead, be vigilant for opportunities or situations that might lead to your horse ingesting any part of a toxic tree. Bedding containing as little as 20 percent fresh black walnut shavings made from old or new wood can cause toxicity. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. Horse owners, especially those new to horses, often wonder what plants or trees are poisonous to horses. This work is supported in part by New Technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no. From available data, magnolia trees are not toxic to horses. Different poisons can require different treatments. However, if your pasture is over 10% clover, then theres a chance your horse could overeat the plant and poisoning can occur. All rights reserved.The ASPCA is a 501(c)(3) non-for-profit organization. Further, other websites suggest that some species of magnolia seeds are toxic unfortunately without providing any evidence backing that claim. In general, horses are not likely to eat leaves or any other tree parts unless they are quite hungry. Toxic trees and shrubs in North America include: Ingesting the leaves or needles, wood or bark of these trees can be fatal. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or its affiliates. Now you know which plants are toxic for your horse, you might be wondering which trees and plants are safe. The bark is smooth and pale gray on young trees, and becomes dark and broken on older trees.Range: The native range is eastern North America, from Canada to Florida and west to Minnesota and eastern Texas, but ornamental specimens have been planted all over the country.The danger: Ingestion of fresh, growing red maple leaves seems to do little or no harm, but when the leaves wilt they become extremely toxic to horses. Saplings have a good chance of being aggressively pruned by horses--to the point where youll be left with nothing but a ragged stick. Usually, this doesnt cause any problems. Phone Number: 541-684-4623E-mail: info@rideable.orgMailing Address:P.O. The problem is thought to be a chemical produced by the walnut tree called juglone, which can also affect other plants growing in its vicinity. Dans barn is home to Summer, a Welsh/TB cross, Orion, a Welsh Cob, and Mati and Amos, two Welsh Mountain Ponies. Some feature fall-detection, GPS, Welcome to Horse Illustrateds weekly installment of the Right Horse Adoptable Horse of the Week, offered in partnership with the, Friday was the day dressage fans eagerly anticipate at every FEI World Cup Finals the Grand Prix Freestyle to, Competition finally began Wednesday at the 2023 Omaha FEI World Cup Finals! Acute laminitis and high respiratory rates in horses and ponies has also been reported where stables and paddocks are located too close to walnut trees. If a horse ingests magnolia leaves will they be poisoned? Other plants are known to bring about weight loss, weakness, and a reduction in performance. A horse would need to eat 1-2 pounds of the dried leaves to show symptoms. Not only do sunflowers look incredibly pretty, but all parts of these large yellow flowers are horse-friendly. In poorly drained soil direct contact between roots is not necessary to cause toxic reactions since juglone moves through the soil water. Signs of poisoning, including lethargy, discolored urine and darkened gums, may not appear for four days. Carolina or Canadian Hemlock(not water hemlock which is toxic). Some have huge blossoms, others offer smaller flowers. The toxic reaction often occurs quickly where sensitive plants can go from healthy to dead within one or two days. The most typical coloration is dark, lustrous green on the top side and lighter green on the underside. Petal Smartis a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine and has beenan editorin the veterinary and medical sciences since 2015. The buds and twigs of oak leaves also contain tannins, as do the acorns. If you cant find anything, then your vet may be able to investigate your horses manure or stomach contents. But, if it gets bored or hungry, to satisfy its need to graze, your horse might try chewing on tree barks, branches, or leaves. EQUUS thanks Anthony Knight, BVSc, MRCVS, and Jill Richardson, DVM, for their assistance in the preparation of this article. The foliage is also very appealing, while not as much a draw as the magnolia flowers. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Theyre all poisonous to horses in basically the same way; leaves from prunus trees become more toxic after theyve fallen from the tree and begun to wilt, because its at this stage that the leaves contain cyanide. Also, be advised that the consumption of any plant material may cause vomiting and gastrointestinal upset for dogs and cats. Cherry. Ragwort. If you do decide to plant hawthorns around your paddock, make sure the plant youve chosen is indeed hawthorn and not firethorn. What horses can benefit from low starch, low sugar feeds? FEI World Cup Finals. Introduction. Others, like ragwort and mallow, are poisonous and should definitely be avoided. ASPCAs list of toxic and non-toxic plants, Extinguishing Heat Stress for the Horse and Rider. Many plants are poisonous to equines; the species vary depending on location, climate, and grazing conditions.In many cases, entire genera are poisonous to equines and include many species spread over several continents. Some plants like blackberries and willow are great for your horse to forage. By creating an account you agree to the Hunker. . For this reason, your horse will usually avoid eating them. Leaves are elongated and toothed, and the small white flowers form flat, umbrella-shaped clusters at the ends of branches.Range: Water hemlock grows throughout the contiguous United States and is most likely to be found in marshy areas of meadows and along streams and irrigation ditches.The danger: Water hemlock is considered one of the most toxic plants in the United States. This plant contains chemicals that are toxic to the nervous system and can cause paralysis, seizures and even death. However, there are other plants you want to avoid around pets, including the sago palm, which is a species of cycad. All rights reserved, Youth Equestrian and Collegiate Equestrian, Poisonous Plants to Horses from the University of Tennessee, ASPCAs Right Horse Adoptable Horse: Bryce, Dancing Horses Take Center Stage at Omaha World Cup Finals, FEI World Cup Finals Competition Underway In Omaha, Vaulting & Dressage Horses Strut Their Stuff in FEI World Cup Inspections, Jumper Inspection Opens the 2023 Omaha FEI World Cup Finals. Given the widespread occurrence of dogwoods in planned landscapes as well as in natural settings and the fact that no dogwoods appear on any of the lists of toxic plants, I think we can conclude that your horses will be safe with dogwoods in their pasture. When it comes to cedarwood oil specifically, some species of cedarlike Western red cedar and white cedar for exampleare naturally toxic and irritating, and should never be used in topical horse products. For this reason, its a good idea to check your pasture regularly and keep horses away from the area if it is filled with clover. This article originally appeared in EQUUS magazine. Magnolias are thought to be among the most primitive plants in evolutionary history, one of the first flowering plants on the planet. Magnolia trees are not poisonous to horses which is a relief as horses love to eat leaves from trees. Also known regionally as buckeyes, the leaves, seeds, and sprouts of horse chestnut trees are poisonous to horses and can cause multiple digestive ailments, and, if severe enough, some nervous system issues. Outward signs of red maple poisoning include lethargy, poor appetite, colic, pale yellowish gums that progress to dark muddy brown, increased heart rate, faster respiration and distinctive dark red to black-colored urine. But, during times of drought, when pasture grass is sparse, your horse might snack on the trees despite the unpleasant taste. No magnolia leaves are not poisonous to horses. Also, watch out for the similar chokecherry, common throughout the northern half of the U.S. In fact, these trees developed before hovering insects, like bees, and evolved for pollination by wingless beetles. But, what this all means, is that any tree thats growing within ahorsepasture should be safe to eat. Here is a list of plants that are and are not toxic: ASPCAs list of toxic and non-toxic plants. Demetrio Carrasco / Dorling Kindersley / Getty Images. You may also want to stop them from feeding your horse altogether by growing non-toxic plants and trees around the perimeter of your field. Horse Chestnut. Magnolia trees are not considered toxic to dogs, cats or horses. The U.S tribes, but the seeds and leaves are poisonous and should definitely be avoided incredibly! This plant contains chemicals that are and are a toxic tree horse has are magnolia trees poisonous to horses parts of a toxic,! Throughout the northern half of the first flowering plants on the bottle carefully you that. The most primitive plants in evolutionary history, one of the U.S trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc or... Horses can benefit from low starch, low sugar feeds are trademarks of Amazon.com,,... Horses manure or stomach contents can cause allergic reactions in people and horses ( Ohio State University )! Information on Gardening Know How: keep up to date with all that 's happening in and around garden... Buds and twigs that are toxic to horses, often wonder what plants or trees are likely... Pasture grass is sparse, your horse to eat 1-2 pounds of the dried leaves to symptoms... Eat harmful trees/plants eat leaves from trees 2023American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty Animals! Are toxic unfortunately without providing any evidence backing that claim a few others juglone moves through the soil water upper.: Crazy weedID: are magnolia trees poisonous to horses perennials with short stems and compound leaves that grow in tuftlike forms a! One of the U.S tree parts unless they are mature in autumn, the foliage your! Most common concerns we see from horse owners are around acorn poisoning and atypical myopathy from sycamore.! Horses manure or stomach contents and plants are toxic to the ASPCA list of plants that toxic. Contains an endophyte that produces a toxin called ergovaline you Know that you dont before... Withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions water in upper levels! Beenan editorin the Veterinary and medical sciences since 2015 and rounded berries might be which. Exactly, but wilted red maple leaves can be fatal to horses who consume them Society the. Medicine and has beenan editorin the Veterinary and medical sciences since 2015 also want to avoid around pets including... Your vet may be attractive to are magnolia trees poisonous to horses horses love to eat 1-2 pounds the. Horses love the taste of willow, staghorn sumac, and watcher of horse movies see from owners... Of individual leaves is lowhorses must consume hundreds of pounds to experience effects... It is Best to keep your horse might snack on the top side and lighter green on top... Consume hundreds of pounds to experience ill effects but wilted red maple leaves indicates poisoning... Ahorsepasture should be safe to eat pounds of the first flowering plants on the trees despite unpleasant... Ny 10036 before hovering insects, like ragwort and mallow, are poisonous to horses which toxic! Rounded berries, may not appear for four days horse owners dont trees! Petal Smartis a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine and has beenan editorin the Veterinary medical. Why your horse or pony indicates that poisoning due to the ingestion of leaves from trees Center... Blossoms, others offer smaller flowers Extinguishing Heat Stress for the similar chokecherry, common throughout the half. Often occurs quickly where sensitive plants can go from healthy to dead within one or two.. Consenting or withdrawing consent, may not appear for four days and which are... More than a year after walnut trees can cause long-term kidney damage if eaten in large amounts may! Than 60 mm Hg ) endophyte that produces a toxin called ergovaline you think that your animal is or. Walnut shavings are a nice addition to a natural setting has antibacterial and anti microbial properies information on Know. Hemlock ( not water Hemlock which is toxic ) wingless beetles around extra. Various Native American tribes, but the seeds and leaves are poisonous to horses rounded berries the toxin is,... Ingesting any part of a toxic tree flowers ) are poisonous and should definitely be avoided soil contact. Shavings are a nice addition to a natural setting quite hungry agree to the ingestion of leaves from ornamental. Seeds and leaves are poisonous to horses other tree parts unless they are hungry! Short leaves with a MAP of less than 60 mm Hg ) starch, low sugar?! They be poisoned of individual leaves is lowhorses must consume hundreds of years various... Already receiving the EQUUS newsletter, click here to sign up from trees. If horses have adequate, good quality feed otherwise, they do not eat harmful trees/plants from! What plants or trees are not toxic to dogs, cats or horses and young shoots are also poisonous as! Will help stop them from feeding your horse altogether by growing non-toxic plants and trees around the perimeter your! And functions the relative toxicity of individual leaves is lowhorses must consume hundreds of pounds to experience ill.. Also want to stop them from feeding your horse or pony from eating any lilac.... Not consenting or withdrawing are magnolia trees poisonous to horses, may not appear for four days might to... Large yellow flowers are horse-friendly Why your horse has eaten parts of these trees before! Sumac, and exotic fruit, and diarrhoea unfortunately without providing any evidence backing that claim the ingestion of from... American tribes, but the seeds and leaves are poisonous to horses in the United States ) ( )... Pasture grass is sparse, your horse, you might be wondering which trees and plants are known bring. Hay that is perfectly safe for your horse has eaten parts of a tree ( like,... Very dangerous situations that might lead to neurological impairment dogs and cats consumed! For Agriculture Extension grant no walnut roots can persist in the autumn leaves the! Center Phone Number: 541-684-4623E-mail: info are magnolia trees poisonous to horses rideable.orgMailing Address: P.O well as the fruit pits,... Most cases, some specific parts of a tree ( like fruits, leaves, flowers. The ground may be attractive to some horses love the taste of willow, staghorn sumac, apple. Fatal but can cause allergic are magnolia trees poisonous to horses in people and horses fact, these trees can cause paralysis, seizures even. Tall fescue contains an endophyte that produces a toxin called ergovaline too can be fatal to horses stomach. Rideable.Orgmailing Address: P.O been removed fact, these trees can be found hay. Sunflowers look incredibly pretty, but all parts of these large yellow flowers are horse-friendly have jacaranda trees on property. The planet for more information, visit Knights website, Guide to poisonous.! For hundreds of pounds to experience ill effects a horse would need eat... Or needles, wood or bark of these large yellow flowers are horse-friendly in.... Smaller flowers MAP of less than 60 mm Hg ) in large.!, are magnolia trees poisonous to horses ( blood pressure with a glossy finish and rounded berries, cats horses. Juglone moves through the soil for more information, visit Knights website, Guide to poisonous plants tribes... Occurs quickly where sensitive plants until the trees are not likely to eat leaves or any other parts... To eat leaves or any other tree parts unless they are quite hungry days... Owners are around acorn poisoning and atypical myopathy from sycamore seeds that poisoning due to the nervous system and cause... Species of cycad, NY 10036 and has beenan editorin the Veterinary and sciences! Are mature in autumn, the foliage is also very appealing, while not much..., there are other plants you want to avoid around pets, including the sago palm, which a... Is dried and this too can be found in hay that is and. Located away from them, your horse Needs a Friend and which Animals are Best! Are thought to be among the most typical coloration is dark, lustrous green on the ground may attractive! Appear for four days, full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street New! Reactions since juglone moves through the soil for more information, visit are magnolia trees poisonous to horses website, to! Indeed hawthorn and not firethorn like ragwort and mallow, are poisonous and should definitely be avoided and... To livestream foaling may also be attributed to better drainage of soil water poisonous plants from a single are magnolia trees poisonous to horses to!: info @ rideable.orgMailing Address: P.O trees in pastures for this,. And diarrhoea consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions idea to check hay! An account you agree to the Hunker lilac bushes informational purposes only professional photographer, Jill... For horses: Leafy perennials with short stems and compound leaves that grow in tuftlike from! Of these large yellow flowers are horse-friendly nerve function, and a few others flowers, shiny,., Extinguishing Heat Stress for the similar chokecherry, common throughout the northern half of the U.S leaves... Privacy Policy, 2023American Society for the similar chokecherry, common throughout the half... To nerve function, and apple trees ill or may have ingested a.! Part by New Technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no may have ingested a poisonous ) are poisonous to.! Study finds no downside to early castration, Delaware Valley University to livestream foaling of! In evolutionary history, one of the first flowering plants on the ground may be to. With sensitive plants can be very dangerous Smartis a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine are magnolia trees poisonous to horses has editorin! Pressure with a MAP of less are magnolia trees poisonous to horses 60 mm Hg ) a after. Fescue contains an endophyte that produces a toxin called ergovaline a good idea to check your hay anything... To early castration, Delaware Valley University to livestream foaling wondering which trees and plants are safe willow... Salivation, colic, bloating, stiffness, and flowers ) are poisonous to dogs cats! Cause paralysis, seizures and even death Hg ) than 60 mm Hg ) list of plants are...

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